Glycobiology is a rapidly expanding frontier in biomedical research, revealing critical insights into cell signaling, immune recognition, and disease progression. Among the diverse array of carbohydrate structures, β-galactose (β-Gal) residues—specifically terminal structures like Galβ1-4GlcNAc (LacNAc) or Galβ1-3GlcNAc—serve as vital markers in physiological and pathological contexts. These epitopes are often implicated in lysosomal storage diseases (e.g., GM1 gangliosidosis) and are emerging as robust biomarkers for cellular senescence (SA-β-gal).